Commit efe836ab "TOMOYO: Add built-in policy support." introduced
tomoyo_load_builtin_policy() but was by error called from nowhere.
Commit b22b8b9f "TOMOYO: Rename meminfo to stat and show more statistics."
introduced tomoyo_update_stat() but was by error not called from
tomoyo_assign_domain().
Also, mark tomoyo_io_printf() and tomoyo_path_permission() static functions,
as reported by "make namespacecheck".
Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
I got an opinion that it is difficult to use exception policy's domain
transition control directives because they need to match the pathname specified
to "file execute" directives. For example, if "file execute /bin/\*\-ls\-cat"
is given, corresponding domain transition control directive needs to be like
"no_keep_domain /bin/\*\-ls\-cat from any".
If we can specify like below, it will become more convenient.
file execute /bin/ls keep exec.realpath="/bin/ls" exec.argv[0]="ls"
file execute /bin/cat keep exec.realpath="/bin/cat" exec.argv[0]="cat"
file execute /bin/\*\-ls\-cat child
file execute /usr/sbin/httpd <apache> exec.realpath="/usr/sbin/httpd" exec.argv[0]="/usr/sbin/httpd"
In above examples, "keep" works as if keep_domain is specified, "child" works
as if "no_reset_domain" and "no_initialize_domain" and "no_keep_domain" are
specified, "<apache>" causes domain transition to <apache> domain upon
successful execve() operation.
Moreover, we can also allow transition to different domains based on conditions
like below example.
<kernel> /usr/sbin/sshd
file execute /bin/bash <kernel> /usr/sbin/sshd //batch-session exec.argc=2 exec.argv[1]="-c"
file execute /bin/bash <kernel> /usr/sbin/sshd //root-session task.uid=0
file execute /bin/bash <kernel> /usr/sbin/sshd //nonroot-session task.uid!=0
Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
Fixes this build error:
security/keys/encrypted-keys/masterkey_trusted.c: In function 'request_trusted_key':
security/keys/encrypted-keys/masterkey_trusted.c:35:2: error: implicit declaration of function 'IS_ERR'
Signed-off-by: Stephen Rothwell <sfr@canb.auug.org.au>
Signed-off-by: Mimi Zohar <zohar@us.ibm.com>
Tell userland tools that this is TOMOYO 2.5.
Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
When allocating from slab, initialization is done the first time in
init_once() and subsequently on free. Because evm_status was not
re-initialized on free, evm_verify_hmac() skipped verifications.
This patch re-initializes evm_status.
Signed-off-by: Dmitry Kasatkin <dmitry.kasatkin@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Mimi Zohar <zohar@us.ibm.com>
Before permitting 'security.evm' to be updated, 'security.evm' must
exist and be valid. In the case that there are no existing EVM protected
xattrs, it is safe for posix acls to update the mode bits.
To differentiate between no 'security.evm' xattr and no xattrs used to
calculate 'security.evm', this patch defines INTEGRITY_NOXATTR.
Signed-off-by: Mimi Zohar <zohar@us.ibm.com>
The posix xattr acls are 'system' prefixed, which normally would not
affect security.evm. An interesting side affect of writing posix xattr
acls is their modifying of the i_mode, which is included in security.evm.
This patch updates security.evm when posix xattr acls are written.
Signed-off-by: Mimi Zohar <zohar@us.ibm.com>
evm_protect_xattr unnecessarily validates the current security.evm
integrity, before updating non-evm protected extended attributes
and other file metadata. This patch limits validating the current
security.evm integrity to evm protected metadata.
Signed-off-by: Mimi Zohar <zohar@us.ibm.com>
security_inode_init_security previously returned -EOPNOTSUPP, for S_PRIVATE
inodes, and relied on the callers to change it to 0. As the callers do not
change the return code anymore, return 0, intead of -EOPNOTSUPP.
Signed-off-by: Mimi Zohar <zohar@us.ibm.com>
All tristates selected by EVM(boolean) are forced to be builtin, except
in the TCG_TPM(tristate) dependency case. Arnaud Lacombe summarizes the
Kconfig bug as, "So it would seem direct dependency state influence the
state of reverse dependencies.." For a detailed explanation, refer to
Arnaud Lacombe's posting http://lkml.org/lkml/2011/8/23/498.
With the "encrypted-keys: remove trusted-keys dependency" patch, EVM
can now be built without a dependency on TCG_TPM. The trusted-keys
dependency requires trusted-keys to either be builtin or not selected.
This dependency will prevent the boolean/tristate mismatch from
occuring.
Reported-by: Stephen Rothwell <sfr@canb.auug.org.au>,
Randy Dunlap <rdunlap@xenotimenet>
Signed-off-by: Mimi Zohar <zohar@us.ibm.com>
Encrypted keys are decrypted/encrypted using either a trusted-key or,
for those systems without a TPM, a user-defined key. This patch
removes the trusted-keys and TCG_TPM dependencies.
Signed-off-by: Mimi Zohar <zohar@us.ibm.com>
There was a race window that the pathname which is subjected to "file execute"
permission check when retrying via supervisor's decision because the pathname
was recalculated upon retry. Though, there is an inevitable race window even
without supervisor, for we have to calculate the symbolic link's pathname from
"struct linux_binprm"->filename rather than from "struct linux_binprm"->file
because we cannot back calculate the symbolic link's pathname from the
dereferenced pathname.
Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
To be able to split permissions for Apache's CGI programs which are executed
without execve(), add special domain transition which is performed by writing
a TOMOYO's domainname to /sys/kernel/security/tomoyo/self_domain interface.
This is an API for TOMOYO-aware userland applications. However, since I expect
TOMOYO and other LSM modules to run in parallel, this patch does not use
/proc/self/attr/ interface in order to avoid conflicts with other LSM modules
when it became possible to run multiple LSM modules in parallel.
Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
Add per-entry flag which controls generation of grant logs because Xen and KVM
issues ioctl requests so frequently. For example,
file ioctl /dev/null 0x5401 grant_log=no
will suppress /sys/kernel/security/tomoyo/audit even if preference says
grant_log=yes .
Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
This patch adds support for permission checks for PF_INET/PF_INET6/PF_UNIX
socket's bind()/listen()/connect()/send() operations.
Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
This patch adds support for checking environment variable's names.
Although TOMOYO already provides ability to check argv[]/envp[] passed to
execve() requests,
file execute /bin/sh exec.envp["LD_LIBRARY_PATH"]="bar"
will reject execution of /bin/sh if environment variable LD_LIBRARY_PATH is not
defined. To grant execution of /bin/sh if LD_LIBRARY_PATH is not defined,
administrators have to specify like
file execute /bin/sh exec.envp["LD_LIBRARY_PATH"]="/system/lib"
file execute /bin/sh exec.envp["LD_LIBRARY_PATH"]=NULL
. Since there are many environment variables whereas conditional checks are
applied as "&&", it is difficult to cover all combinations. Therefore, this
patch supports conditional checks that are applied as "||", by specifying like
file execute /bin/sh
misc env LD_LIBRARY_PATH exec.envp["LD_LIBRARY_PATH"]="/system/lib"
which means "grant execution of /bin/sh if environment variable is not defined
or is defined and its value is /system/lib".
Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
Fix warning:
security/selinux/exports.c:18:6: warning: symbol 'selinux_is_enabled' was not declared. Should it be static?
Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
Fixes sparse warnings:
security/integrity/ima/ima_main.c:105:6: warning: symbol 'ima_file_free' was not declared. Should it be static?
security/integrity/ima/ima_main.c:167:5: warning: symbol 'ima_file_mmap' was not declared. Should it be static?
security/integrity/ima/ima_main.c:192:5: warning: symbol 'ima_bprm_check' was not declared. Should it be static?
security/integrity/ima/ima_main.c:211:5: warning: symbol 'ima_file_check' was not declared. Should it be static?
Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
Fixes sparse warning:
security/integrity/ima/ima_fs.c:290:5: warning: symbol 'ima_open_policy' was not declared. Should it be static?
Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
Fix sparse warnings:
security/apparmor/procattr.c:35:5: warning: symbol 'aa_getprocattr' was not declared. Should it be static?
security/apparmor/procattr.c:113:5: warning: symbol 'aa_setprocattr_changehat' was not declared. Should it be static?
security/apparmor/procattr.c:158:5: warning: symbol 'aa_setprocattr_changeprofile' was not declared. Should it be static?
security/apparmor/procattr.c:166:5: warning: symbol 'aa_setprocattr_permipc' was not declared. Should it be static?
Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
Acked-by: John Johansen <john.johansen@canonical.com>
Fix the following warnings:
security/apparmor/policy_unpack.c:384:35: warning: symbol 'size' shadows an earlier one
security/apparmor/policy_unpack.c:370:24: originally declared here
security/apparmor/policy_unpack.c:443:29: warning: symbol 'tmp' shadows an earlier one
security/apparmor/policy_unpack.c:434:21: originally declared here
Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
Acked-by: John Johansen <john.johansen@canonical.com>
Fix the following sparse warnings:
security/apparmor/lib.c:37:6: warning: symbol 'aa_split_fqname' was not declared. Should it be static?
security/apparmor/lib.c:63:6: warning: symbol 'aa_info_message' was not declared. Should it be static?
security/apparmor/lib.c:83:6: warning: symbol 'kvmalloc' was not declared. Should it be static?
security/apparmor/lib.c:123:6: warning: symbol 'kvfree' was not declared. Should it be static?
Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
Include ipc.h to eliminate sparse warnings.
security/apparmor/ipc.c:61:5: warning: symbol 'aa_may_ptrace' was not declared. Should it be static?
security/apparmor/ipc.c:83:5: warning: symbol 'aa_ptrace' was not declared. Should it be static
Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
Acked-by: John Johansen <john.johansen@canonical.com>
In tomoyo_get_mode() since 2.6.36, CONFIG::file::execute was by error used in
place of CONFIG::file if CONFIG::file::execute was set to other than default.
As a result, enforcing mode was not applied in a way documentation says.
Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
Suppress the output in the 'durations' sysfs entry if they were not read
during driver initialization. This is similar to other sysfs entries
that return nothing if for some reason sending the commands to the TPM
fails.
Signed-off-by: Stefan Berger <stefanb@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
This patch adds CONFIG_KEYS guard for tgcred to fix below build error
if CONFIG_KEYS is not configured.
CC kernel/cred.o
kernel/cred.c: In function 'prepare_kernel_cred':
kernel/cred.c:657: error: 'tgcred' undeclared (first use in this function)
kernel/cred.c:657: error: (Each undeclared identifier is reported only once
kernel/cred.c:657: error: for each function it appears in.)
make[1]: *** [kernel/cred.o] Error 1
make: *** [kernel] Error 2
Signed-off-by: Axel Lin <axel.lin@gmail.com>
Acked-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
unregister_key_type() has code to mark a key as dead and make it unavailable in
one loop and then destroy all those unavailable key payloads in the next loop.
However, the loop to mark keys dead renders the key undetectable to the second
loop by changing the key type pointer also.
Fix this by the following means:
(1) The key code has two garbage collectors: one deletes unreferenced keys and
the other alters keyrings to delete links to old dead, revoked and expired
keys. They can end up holding each other up as both want to scan the key
serial tree under spinlock. Combine these into a single routine.
(2) Move the dead key marking, dead link removal and dead key removal into the
garbage collector as a three phase process running over the three cycles
of the normal garbage collection procedure. This is tracked by the
KEY_GC_REAPING_DEAD_1, _2 and _3 state flags.
unregister_key_type() then just unlinks the key type from the list, wakes
up the garbage collector and waits for the third phase to complete.
(3) Downgrade the key types sem in unregister_key_type() once it has deleted
the key type from the list so that it doesn't block the keyctl() syscall.
(4) Dead keys that cannot be simply removed in the third phase have their
payloads destroyed with the key's semaphore write-locked to prevent
interference by the keyctl() syscall. There should be no in-kernel users
of dead keys of that type by the point of unregistration, though keyctl()
may be holding a reference.
(5) Only perform timer recalculation in the GC if the timer actually expired.
If it didn't, we'll get another cycle when it goes off - and if the key
that actually triggered it has been removed, it's not a problem.
(6) Only garbage collect link if the timer expired or if we're doing dead key
clean up phase 2.
(7) As only key_garbage_collector() is permitted to use rb_erase() on the key
serial tree, it doesn't need to revalidate its cursor after dropping the
spinlock as the node the cursor points to must still exist in the tree.
(8) Drop the spinlock in the GC if there is contention on it or if we need to
reschedule. After dealing with that, get the spinlock again and resume
scanning.
This has been tested in the following ways:
(1) Run the keyutils testsuite against it.
(2) Using the AF_RXRPC and RxKAD modules to test keytype removal:
Load the rxrpc_s key type:
# insmod /tmp/af-rxrpc.ko
# insmod /tmp/rxkad.ko
Create a key (http://people.redhat.com/~dhowells/rxrpc/listen.c):
# /tmp/listen &
[1] 8173
Find the key:
# grep rxrpc_s /proc/keys
091086e1 I--Q-- 1 perm 39390000 0 0 rxrpc_s 52:2
Link it to a session keyring, preferably one with a higher serial number:
# keyctl link 0x20e36251 @s
Kill the process (the key should remain as it's linked to another place):
# fg
/tmp/listen
^C
Remove the key type:
rmmod rxkad
rmmod af-rxrpc
This can be made a more effective test by altering the following part of
the patch:
if (unlikely(gc_state & KEY_GC_REAPING_DEAD_2)) {
/* Make sure everyone revalidates their keys if we marked a
* bunch as being dead and make sure all keyring ex-payloads
* are destroyed.
*/
kdebug("dead sync");
synchronize_rcu();
To call synchronize_rcu() in GC phase 1 instead. That causes that the
keyring's old payload content to hang around longer until it's RCU
destroyed - which usually happens after GC phase 3 is complete. This
allows the destroy_dead_key branch to be tested.
Reported-by: Benjamin Coddington <bcodding@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
The dead key link reaper should be non-reentrant as it relies on global state
to keep track of where it's got to when it returns to the work queue manager to
give it some air.
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
Make the key reaper non-reentrant by sticking it on the appropriate system work
queue when we queue it. This will allow it to have global state and drop
locks. It should probably be non-reentrant already as it may spend a long time
holding the key serial spinlock, and so multiple entrants can spend long
periods of time just sitting there spinning, waiting to get the lock.
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
Move the unreferenced key reaper function to the keys garbage collector file
as that's a more appropriate place with the dead key link reaper.
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
Fix prepare_kernel_cred() to provide a new, separate thread_group_cred struct
otherwise when using request_key() ____call_usermodehelper() calls
umh_keys_init() with the new creds pointing to init_tgcred, which
umh_keys_init() then blithely alters.
The problem can be demonstrated by:
# keyctl request2 user a debug:a @s
249681132
# grep req /proc/keys
079906a5 I--Q-- 1 perm 1f3f0000 0 0 keyring _req.249681132: 1/4
38ef1626 IR---- 1 expd 0b010000 0 0 .request_ key:ee1d4ec pid:4371 ci:1
The keyring _req.XXXX should have gone away, but something (init_tgcred) is
pinning it.
That key actually requested can then be removed and a new one created:
# keyctl unlink 249681132
1 links removed
[root@andromeda ~]# grep req /proc/keys
116cecac IR---- 1 expd 0b010000 0 0 .request_ key:eeb4911 pid:4379 ci:1
36d1cbf8 I--Q-- 1 perm 1f3f0000 0 0 keyring _req.250300689: 1/4
which causes the old _req keyring to go away and a new one to take its place.
This is a consequence of the changes in:
commit 879669961b
Author: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Date: Fri Jun 17 11:25:59 2011 +0100
KEYS/DNS: Fix ____call_usermodehelper() to not lose the session keyring
and:
commit 17f60a7da1
Author: Eric Paris <eparis@redhat.com>
Date: Fri Apr 1 17:07:50 2011 -0400
capabilites: allow the application of capability limits to usermode helpers
After this patch is applied, the _req keyring and the .request_key key are
cleaned up.
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
cc: Eric Paris <eparis@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
__key_link() should use the RCU deref wrapper rcu_dereference_locked_keyring()
for accessing keyring payloads rather than calling rcu_dereference_protected()
directly.
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
The keyctl call:
keyctl_get_keyring_ID(KEY_SPEC_SESSION_KEYRING, 1)
should create a session keyring if the process doesn't have one of its own
because the create flag argument is set - rather than subscribing to and
returning the user-session keyring as:
keyctl_get_keyring_ID(KEY_SPEC_SESSION_KEYRING, 0)
will do.
This can be tested by commenting out pam_keyinit in the /etc/pam.d files and
running the following program a couple of times in a row:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <keyutils.h>
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
key_serial_t uk, usk, sk, nsk;
uk = keyctl_get_keyring_ID(KEY_SPEC_USER_KEYRING, 0);
usk = keyctl_get_keyring_ID(KEY_SPEC_USER_SESSION_KEYRING, 0);
sk = keyctl_get_keyring_ID(KEY_SPEC_SESSION_KEYRING, 0);
nsk = keyctl_get_keyring_ID(KEY_SPEC_SESSION_KEYRING, 1);
printf("keys: %08x %08x %08x %08x\n", uk, usk, sk, nsk);
return 0;
}
Without this patch, I see:
keys: 3975ddc7 119c0c66 119c0c66 119c0c66
keys: 3975ddc7 119c0c66 119c0c66 119c0c66
With this patch, I see:
keys: 2cb4997b 34112878 34112878 17db2ce3
keys: 2cb4997b 34112878 34112878 39f3c73e
As can be seen, the session keyring starts off the same as the user-session
keyring each time, but with the patch a new session keyring is created when
the create flag is set.
Reported-by: Greg Wettstein <greg@enjellic.com>
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Tested-by: Greg Wettstein <greg@enjellic.com>
Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
If install_session_keyring() is given a keyring, it should install it rather
than just creating a new one anyway. This was accidentally broken in:
commit d84f4f992c
Author: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Date: Fri Nov 14 10:39:23 2008 +1100
Subject: CRED: Inaugurate COW credentials
The impact of that commit is that pam_keyinit no longer works correctly if
'force' isn't specified against a login process. This is because:
keyctl_get_keyring_ID(KEY_SPEC_SESSION_KEYRING, 0)
now always creates a new session keyring and thus the check whether the session
keyring and the user-session keyring are the same is always false. This leads
pam_keyinit to conclude that a session keyring is installed and it shouldn't be
revoked by pam_keyinit here if 'revoke' is specified.
Any system that specifies 'force' against pam_keyinit in the PAM configuration
files for login methods (login, ssh, su -l, kdm, etc.) is not affected since
that bypasses the broken check and forces the creation of a new session keyring
anyway (for which the revoke flag is not cleared) - and any subsequent call to
pam_keyinit really does have a session keyring already installed, and so the
check works correctly there.
Reverting to the previous behaviour will cause the kernel to subscribe the
process to the user-session keyring as its session keyring if it doesn't have a
session keyring of its own. pam_keyinit will detect this and install a new
session keyring anyway (and won't clear the revert flag).
This can be tested by commenting out pam_keyinit in the /etc/pam.d files and
running the following program a couple of times in a row:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <keyutils.h>
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
key_serial_t uk, usk, sk;
uk = keyctl_get_keyring_ID(KEY_SPEC_USER_KEYRING, 0);
usk = keyctl_get_keyring_ID(KEY_SPEC_USER_SESSION_KEYRING, 0);
sk = keyctl_get_keyring_ID(KEY_SPEC_SESSION_KEYRING, 0);
printf("keys: %08x %08x %08x\n", uk, usk, sk);
return 0;
}
Without the patch, I see:
keys: 3884e281 24c4dfcf 22825f8e
keys: 3884e281 24c4dfcf 068772be
With the patch, I see:
keys: 26be9c83 0e755ce0 0e755ce0
keys: 26be9c83 0e755ce0 0e755ce0
As can be seen, with the patch, the session keyring is the same as the
user-session keyring each time; without the patch a new session keyring is
generated each time.
Reported-by: Greg Wettstein <greg@enjellic.com>
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Tested-by: Greg Wettstein <greg@enjellic.com>
Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
Update the MAINTAINERS file with an entry for EVM.
Reported-by: Randy Dunlap <rdunlap@xenotimenet>
Signed-off-by: Mimi Zohar <zohar@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
Although the EVM encrypted-key should be encrypted/decrypted using a
trusted-key, a user-defined key could be used instead. When using a user-
defined key, a TCG_TPM dependency should not be required. Unfortunately,
the encrypted-key code needs to be refactored a bit in order to remove
this dependency.
This patch adds the TCG_TPM dependency.
Reported-by: Stephen Rothwell <sfr@canb.auug.org.au>,
Randy Dunlap <rdunlap@xenotimenet>
Signed-off-by: Mimi Zohar <zohar@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
daemonize() is only needed when a user-space task does kernel_thread().
tomoyo_gc_thread() is kthread_create()'ed and thus it doesn't need
the soon-to-be-deprecated daemonize().
Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Matt Fleming <matt.fleming@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
- Make the previously missing security_old_inode_init_security() stub
function definition static inline.
- The stub security_inode_init_security() function previously returned
-EOPNOTSUPP and relied on the callers to change it to 0. The stub
security/security_old_inode_init_security() functions now return 0.
Reported-by: Stephen Rothwell <sfr@canb.auug.org.au>
Signed-off-by: Mimi Zohar <zohar@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
Tetsuo Handa