Use prandom_bytes() to generate random bytes for test data.
Signed-off-by: Akinobu Mita <akinobu.mita@gmail.com>
Cc: Dan Williams <djbw@fb.com>
Cc: Vinod Koul <vinod.koul@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Patch adds AVX2/AES-NI/x86-64 implementation of Camellia cipher, requiring
32 parallel blocks for input (512 bytes). Compared to AVX implementation, this
version is extended to use the 256-bit wide YMM registers. For AES-NI
instructions data is split to two 128-bit registers and merged afterwards.
Even with this additional handling, performance should be higher compared
to the AES-NI/AVX implementation.
Signed-off-by: Jussi Kivilinna <jussi.kivilinna@iki.fi>
Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
Patch adds AVX2/x86-64 implementation of Serpent cipher, requiring 16 parallel
blocks for input (256 bytes). Implementation is based on the AVX implementation
and extends to use the 256-bit wide YMM registers. Since serpent does not use
table look-ups, this implementation should be close to two times faster than
the AVX implementation.
Signed-off-by: Jussi Kivilinna <jussi.kivilinna@iki.fi>
Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
Patch adds AVX2/x86-64 implementation of Twofish cipher, requiring 16 parallel
blocks for input (256 bytes). Table look-ups are performed using vpgatherdd
instruction directly from vector registers and thus should be faster than
earlier implementations. Implementation also uses 256-bit wide YMM registers,
which should give additional speed up compared to the AVX implementation.
Signed-off-by: Jussi Kivilinna <jussi.kivilinna@iki.fi>
Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
Patch adds AVX2/x86-64 implementation of Blowfish cipher, requiring 32 parallel
blocks for input (256 bytes). Table look-ups are performed using vpgatherdd
instruction directly from vector registers and thus should be faster than
earlier implementations.
Signed-off-by: Jussi Kivilinna <jussi.kivilinna@iki.fi>
Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
The Kconfig setting for glue helper module is CRYPTO_GLUE_HELPER_X86, but
recent change for aesni_intel used CRYPTO_GLUE_HELPER instead. Patch corrects
this issue.
Cc: kbuild-all@01.org
Reported-by: kbuild test robot <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Jussi Kivilinna <jussi.kivilinna@iki.fi>
Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
Add more optimized XTS code for aesni_intel in 64-bit mode, for smaller stack
usage and boost for speed.
tcrypt results, with Intel i5-2450M:
256-bit key
enc dec
16B 0.98x 0.99x
64B 0.64x 0.63x
256B 1.29x 1.32x
1024B 1.54x 1.58x
8192B 1.57x 1.60x
512-bit key
enc dec
16B 0.98x 0.99x
64B 0.60x 0.59x
256B 1.24x 1.25x
1024B 1.39x 1.42x
8192B 1.38x 1.42x
I chose not to optimize smaller than block size of 256 bytes, since XTS is
practically always used with data blocks of size 512 bytes. This is why
performance is reduced in tcrypt for 64 byte long blocks.
Cc: Huang Ying <ying.huang@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Jussi Kivilinna <jussi.kivilinna@iki.fi>
Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
Patch adds support for NIST recommended block cipher mode CMAC to CryptoAPI.
This work is based on Tom St Denis' earlier patch,
http://marc.info/?l=linux-crypto-vger&m=135877306305466&w=2
Cc: Tom St Denis <tstdenis@elliptictech.com>
Signed-off-by: Jussi Kivilinna <jussi.kivilinna@iki.fi>
Acked-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
Without these, kernel log shows:
[ 5.984881] alg: No test for cipher_null (cipher_null-generic)
[ 5.985096] alg: No test for ecb(cipher_null) (ecb-cipher_null)
[ 5.985170] alg: No test for compress_null (compress_null-generic)
[ 5.985297] alg: No test for digest_null (digest_null-generic)
Signed-off-by: Jussi Kivilinna <jussi.kivilinna@iki.fi>
Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
If the gcm cipher used by rfc4543 does not complete request immediately,
the authentication tag is not copied to destination buffer. Patch adds
correct async logic for this case.
Signed-off-by: Jussi Kivilinna <jussi.kivilinna@iki.fi>
Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
The GMAC code assumes that dst==src, which causes problems when trying to add
rfc4543(gcm(aes)) test vectors.
So fix this code to work when source and destination buffer are different.
Signed-off-by: Jussi Kivilinna <jussi.kivilinna@iki.fi>
Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
We added glue code and config options to create crypto
module that uses SSE/AVX/AVX2 optimized SHA512 x86_64 assembly routines.
Signed-off-by: Tim Chen <tim.c.chen@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
Other SHA512 routines may need to use the generic routine when
FPU is not available.
Signed-off-by: Tim Chen <tim.c.chen@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
We added glue code and config options to create crypto
module that uses SSE/AVX/AVX2 optimized SHA256 x86_64 assembly routines.
Signed-off-by: Tim Chen <tim.c.chen@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
Per X.509 spec in 4.2.1.1 section, the structure of Authority Key
Identifier Extension is:
AuthorityKeyIdentifier ::= SEQUENCE {
keyIdentifier [0] KeyIdentifier OPTIONAL,
authorityCertIssuer [1] GeneralNames OPTIONAL,
authorityCertSerialNumber [2] CertificateSerialNumber OPTIONAL }
KeyIdentifier ::= OCTET STRING
When a certificate also provides
authorityCertIssuer and authorityCertSerialNumber then the length of
AuthorityKeyIdentifier SEQUENCE is likely to long form format.
e.g.
The example certificate demos/tunala/A-server.pem in openssl source:
X509v3 Authority Key Identifier:
keyid:49:FB:45:72:12:C4:CC:E1:45:A1:D3:08:9E:95:C4:2C:6D:55:3F:17
DirName:/C=NZ/L=Wellington/O=Really Irresponsible Authorisation Authority (RIAA)/OU=Cert-stamping/CN=Jackov al-Trades/emailAddress=none@fake.domain
serial:00
Current parsing rule of OID_authorityKeyIdentifier only take care the
short form format, it causes load certificate to modsign_keyring fail:
[ 12.061147] X.509: Extension: 47
[ 12.075121] MODSIGN: Problem loading in-kernel X.509 certificate (-74)
So, this patch add the parsing rule for support long form format against
Authority Key Identifier.
v3:
Changed the size check in "Short Form length" case, we allow v[3] smaller
then (vlen - 4) because authorityCertIssuer and authorityCertSerialNumber
are also possible attach in AuthorityKeyIdentifier sequence.
v2:
- Removed comma from author's name.
- Moved 'Short Form length' comment inside the if-body.
- Changed the type of sub to size_t.
- Use ASN1_INDEFINITE_LENGTH rather than writing 0x80 and 127.
- Moved the key_len's value assignment before alter v.
- Fixed the typo of octets.
- Add 2 to v before entering the loop for calculate the length.
- Removed the comment of check vlen.
Cc: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au>
Cc: Josh Boyer <jwboyer@redhat.com>
Cc: Randy Dunlap <rdunlap@xenotime.net>
Cc: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
Cc: "David S. Miller" <davem@davemloft.net>
Acked-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Chun-Yi Lee <jlee@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au>
The current code does not set the msg_namelen member to 0 and therefore
makes net/socket.c leak the local sockaddr_storage variable to userland
-- 128 bytes of kernel stack memory. Fix that.
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org> # 2.6.38
Signed-off-by: Mathias Krause <minipli@googlemail.com>
Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
Other SHA256 routine may need to use the generic routine when
FPU is not available.
Signed-off-by: Tim Chen <tim.c.chen@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
rfc4543(gcm(*)) code for GMAC assumes that assoc scatterlist always contains
only one segment and only makes use of this first segment. However ipsec passes
assoc with three segments when using 'extended sequence number' thus in this
case rfc4543(gcm(*)) fails to function correctly. Patch fixes this issue.
Reported-by: Chaoxing Lin <Chaoxing.Lin@ultra-3eti.com>
Tested-by: Chaoxing Lin <Chaoxing.Lin@ultra-3eti.com>
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Jussi Kivilinna <jussi.kivilinna@iki.fi>
Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
There is no need to modify the netlink dispatch table at runtime and
making it const even makes the resulting object file slightly smaller.
Cc: Steffen Klassert <steffen.klassert@secunet.com>
Signed-off-by: Mathias Krause <minipli@googlemail.com>
Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
I'm not sure why, but the hlist for each entry iterators were conceived
list_for_each_entry(pos, head, member)
The hlist ones were greedy and wanted an extra parameter:
hlist_for_each_entry(tpos, pos, head, member)
Why did they need an extra pos parameter? I'm not quite sure. Not only
they don't really need it, it also prevents the iterator from looking
exactly like the list iterator, which is unfortunate.
Besides the semantic patch, there was some manual work required:
- Fix up the actual hlist iterators in linux/list.h
- Fix up the declaration of other iterators based on the hlist ones.
- A very small amount of places were using the 'node' parameter, this
was modified to use 'obj->member' instead.
- Coccinelle didn't handle the hlist_for_each_entry_safe iterator
properly, so those had to be fixed up manually.
The semantic patch which is mostly the work of Peter Senna Tschudin is here:
@@
iterator name hlist_for_each_entry, hlist_for_each_entry_continue, hlist_for_each_entry_from, hlist_for_each_entry_rcu, hlist_for_each_entry_rcu_bh, hlist_for_each_entry_continue_rcu_bh, for_each_busy_worker, ax25_uid_for_each, ax25_for_each, inet_bind_bucket_for_each, sctp_for_each_hentry, sk_for_each, sk_for_each_rcu, sk_for_each_from, sk_for_each_safe, sk_for_each_bound, hlist_for_each_entry_safe, hlist_for_each_entry_continue_rcu, nr_neigh_for_each, nr_neigh_for_each_safe, nr_node_for_each, nr_node_for_each_safe, for_each_gfn_indirect_valid_sp, for_each_gfn_sp, for_each_host;
type T;
expression a,c,d,e;
identifier b;
statement S;
@@
-T b;
<+... when != b
(
hlist_for_each_entry(a,
- b,
c, d) S
|
hlist_for_each_entry_continue(a,
- b,
c) S
|
hlist_for_each_entry_from(a,
- b,
c) S
|
hlist_for_each_entry_rcu(a,
- b,
c, d) S
|
hlist_for_each_entry_rcu_bh(a,
- b,
c, d) S
|
hlist_for_each_entry_continue_rcu_bh(a,
- b,
c) S
|
for_each_busy_worker(a, c,
- b,
d) S
|
ax25_uid_for_each(a,
- b,
c) S
|
ax25_for_each(a,
- b,
c) S
|
inet_bind_bucket_for_each(a,
- b,
c) S
|
sctp_for_each_hentry(a,
- b,
c) S
|
sk_for_each(a,
- b,
c) S
|
sk_for_each_rcu(a,
- b,
c) S
|
sk_for_each_from
-(a, b)
+(a)
S
+ sk_for_each_from(a) S
|
sk_for_each_safe(a,
- b,
c, d) S
|
sk_for_each_bound(a,
- b,
c) S
|
hlist_for_each_entry_safe(a,
- b,
c, d, e) S
|
hlist_for_each_entry_continue_rcu(a,
- b,
c) S
|
nr_neigh_for_each(a,
- b,
c) S
|
nr_neigh_for_each_safe(a,
- b,
c, d) S
|
nr_node_for_each(a,
- b,
c) S
|
nr_node_for_each_safe(a,
- b,
c, d) S
|
- for_each_gfn_sp(a, c, d, b) S
+ for_each_gfn_sp(a, c, d) S
|
- for_each_gfn_indirect_valid_sp(a, c, d, b) S
+ for_each_gfn_indirect_valid_sp(a, c, d) S
|
for_each_host(a,
- b,
c) S
|
for_each_host_safe(a,
- b,
c, d) S
|
for_each_mesh_entry(a,
- b,
c, d) S
)
...+>
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: drop bogus change from net/ipv4/raw.c]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: drop bogus hunk from net/ipv6/raw.c]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: checkpatch fixes]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix warnings]
[akpm@linux-foudnation.org: redo intrusive kvm changes]
Tested-by: Peter Senna Tschudin <peter.senna@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Sasha Levin <sasha.levin@oracle.com>
Cc: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Cc: Marcelo Tosatti <mtosatti@redhat.com>
Cc: Gleb Natapov <gleb@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
To avoid misuse, ensure cru_name and cru_driver_name are always
nul-terminated strings.
Signed-off-by: Mathias Krause <minipli@googlemail.com>
Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
The current test for empty strings fails because it is testing the
address of a field, not a pointer. So the test will always be true.
Test the first character in the string to not be null instead.
Signed-off-by: Mathias Krause <minipli@googlemail.com>
Cc: Steffen Klassert <steffen.klassert@secunet.com>
Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
Three errors resulting in kernel memory disclosure:
1/ The structures used for the netlink based crypto algorithm report API
are located on the stack. As snprintf() does not fill the remainder of
the buffer with null bytes, those stack bytes will be disclosed to users
of the API. Switch to strncpy() to fix this.
2/ crypto_report_one() does not initialize all field of struct
crypto_user_alg. Fix this to fix the heap info leak.
3/ For the module name we should copy only as many bytes as
module_name() returns -- not as much as the destination buffer could
hold. But the current code does not and therefore copies random data
from behind the end of the module name, as the module name is always
shorter than CRYPTO_MAX_ALG_NAME.
Also switch to use strncpy() to copy the algorithm's name and
driver_name. They are strings, after all.
Signed-off-by: Mathias Krause <minipli@googlemail.com>
Cc: Steffen Klassert <steffen.klassert@secunet.com>
Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
Replace PTR_ERR followed by ERR_PTR by ERR_CAST, to be more concise.
The semantic patch that makes this change is as follows:
(http://coccinelle.lip6.fr/)
// <smpl>
@@
expression err,x;
@@
- err = PTR_ERR(x);
if (IS_ERR(x))
- return ERR_PTR(err);
+ return ERR_CAST(x);
// </smpl>
Signed-off-by: Julia Lawall <Julia.Lawall@lip6.fr>
Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
fcrypt is used only as pcbc(fcrypt), but testmgr does not know this.
Use the zero key, zero plaintext pcbc(fcrypt) test vector for
testing plain 'fcrypt' to hide "no test for fcrypt" warnings.
Signed-off-by: Jussi Kivilinna <jussi.kivilinna@mbnet.fi>
Acked-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
This patch adds crc32 algorithms to shash crypto api. One is wrapper to
gerneric crc32_le function. Second is crc32 pclmulqdq implementation. It
use hardware provided PCLMULQDQ instruction to accelerate the CRC32 disposal.
This instruction present from Intel Westmere and AMD Bulldozer CPUs.
For intel core i5 I got 450MB/s for table implementation and 2100MB/s
for pclmulqdq implementation.
Signed-off-by: Alexander Boyko <alexander_boyko@xyratex.com>
Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
The CONFIG_EXPERIMENTAL config item has not carried much meaning for a
while now and is almost always enabled by default. As agreed during the
Linux kernel summit, remove it from any "depends on" lines in Kconfigs.
CC: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
CC: "David S. Miller" <davem@davemloft.net>
Signed-off-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Acked-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
This patch adds a crypto driver which provides a powerpc accelerated
implementation of SHA-1, accelerated in that it is written in asm.
Original patch by Paul, minor fixups for upstream by moi.
Lightly tested on 64-bit with the test program here:
http://michael.ellerman.id.au/files/junkcode/sha1test.c
Seems to work, and is "not slower" than the generic version.
Needs testing on 32-bit.
Signed-off-by: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Signed-off-by: Michael Ellerman <michael@ellerman.id.au>
Signed-off-by: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
dma_wait_for_async_tx() can also return DMA_PAUSED (which
should be considered as error).
Cc: Vinod Koul <vinod.koul@intel.com>
Cc: Dan Williams <djbw@fb.com>
Cc: Tomasz Figa <t.figa@samsung.com>
Signed-off-by: Bartlomiej Zolnierkiewicz <b.zolnierkie@samsung.com>
Signed-off-by: Kyungmin Park <kyungmin.park@samsung.com>
Signed-off-by: Dan Williams <djbw@fb.com>
Add missing <linux/module.h> include.
Cc: Dan Williams <djbw@fb.com>
Cc: Tomasz Figa <t.figa@samsung.com>
Signed-off-by: Bartlomiej Zolnierkiewicz <b.zolnierkie@samsung.com>
Signed-off-by: Kyungmin Park <kyungmin.park@samsung.com>
Signed-off-by: Dan Williams <djbw@fb.com>
Do DMA unmap on ->device_prep_dma_memcpy failure.
Cc: Dan Williams <djbw@fb.com>
Cc: Tomasz Figa <t.figa@samsung.com>
Signed-off-by: Bartlomiej Zolnierkiewicz <b.zolnierkie@samsung.com>
Signed-off-by: Kyungmin Park <kyungmin.park@samsung.com>
Signed-off-by: Dan Williams <djbw@fb.com>
Use memchr_inv() to check the specified page is filled with zero.
Signed-off-by: Akinobu Mita <akinobu.mita@gmail.com>
Cc: Vinod Koul <vinod.koul@intel.com>
Cc: Dan Williams <djbw@fb.com>
Signed-off-by: Vinod Koul <vinod.koul@linux.intel.com>
Some hardware crypto drivers register asynchronous ctr(aes), which is left
unused in IPSEC because rfc3686 template only supports synchronous block
ciphers. Some other drivers register rfc3686(ctr(aes)) to workaround this
limitation but not all.
This patch changes rfc3686 to use asynchronous block ciphers, to allow async
ctr(aes) algorithms to be utilized automatically by IPSEC.
Signed-off-by: Jussi Kivilinna <jussi.kivilinna@mbnet.fi>
Acked-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
Signed-off-by: Steffen Klassert <steffen.klassert@secunet.com>
The test vectors for 'xts(aes)' contain superfluous initializers.
Remove them.
Signed-off-by: Mathias Krause <minipli@googlemail.com>
Cc: Jarod Wilson <jarod@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
When in fips mode, compression algoritms fails to initialize,
e.g. modprobe ubifs returns
UBIFS error: compr_init: cannot initialize compressor lzo, error -2
FIPS mode should not care about compression algoritms at all.
Patch just set fips_enabled flag to 1 to all compression algorithms
managed by testmgr.
Signed-off-by: Milan Broz <mbroz@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
Signed-off-by: Jussi Kivilinna <jussi.kivilinna@mbnet.fi>
Acked-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
Currently alg_test_null entries set .suite values to zero, which is unneeded.
So perform clean-up of null test entries.
Signed-off-by: Jussi Kivilinna <jussi.kivilinna@mbnet.fi>
Acked-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
Remove incorrect fips_allowed from camellia null-test entries. Caused by
incorrect copy-paste of aes-aesni null-tests into camellia-aesni null-tests.
Signed-off-by: Jussi Kivilinna <jussi.kivilinna@mbnet.fi>
Acked-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
CAST5 and CAST6 both use same lookup tables, which can be moved shared module
'cast_common'.
Signed-off-by: Jussi Kivilinna <jussi.kivilinna@mbnet.fi>
Acked-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
Signed-off-by: Jussi Kivilinna <jussi.kivilinna@mbnet.fi>
Acked-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
cryptd_queue_worker attempts to prevent simultaneous accesses to crypto
workqueue by cryptd_enqueue_request using preempt_disable/preempt_enable.
However cryptd_enqueue_request might be called from softirq context,
so add local_bh_disable/local_bh_enable to prevent data corruption and
panics.
Bug report at http://marc.info/?l=linux-crypto-vger&m=134858649616319&w=2
v2:
- Disable software interrupts instead of hardware interrupts
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Reported-by: Gurucharan Shetty <gurucharan.shetty@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Jussi Kivilinna <jussi.kivilinna@mbnet.fi>
Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
Most DES3_EDE testvectors are short and do not test parallelised codepaths
well. Add larger testvectors to test large crypto operations and to test
multi-page crypto with DES3_EDE.
Signed-off-by: Jussi Kivilinna <jussi.kivilinna@mbnet.fi>
Acked-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
Most DES testvectors are short and do not test parallelised codepaths
well. Add larger testvectors to test large crypto operations and to test
multi-page crypto with DES.
Signed-off-by: Jussi Kivilinna <jussi.kivilinna@mbnet.fi>
Acked-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
Most AES testvectors are short and do not test parallelised codepaths
well. Add larger testvectors to test large crypto operations and to test
multi-page crypto with AES.
Signed-off-by: Jussi Kivilinna <jussi.kivilinna@mbnet.fi>
Acked-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>